a. Copy-editing for grammar, usage, spelling, punctuation b. Stylistic editing (clarifying meaning, eliminating jargon, polishing language; line-by-line editing for smoothness and clarity while maintaining author’s voice and style) c. Developmental editing: critique, formatting, fact checking These services include two editing passes: the Editor will edit, then send manuscript to Author for approval, Author will either accept or reject changes and answer any of the Editor’s queries, and then return the manuscript to the Editor, who will incorporate those changes or corrections into the manuscript and clean the copy of editorial markings.