Research was conducted between 2013 and 2017 as part of an ESRC funded project and focused on two anonymised forces in England and Wales (Force A and Force B). Forces were selected following a presentation at the Association of Chief Police Officer’s National Conference on the use of Taser, where I outlined the planned research and asked for interested forces to volunteer. Force A covered a mainly rural area while Force B covered some rural areas as well as a major city. Taser was available both to firearms officers, and to a small number of STOs in both forces. Officers were also equipped with other force options, including irritant spray and batons.