- Server-Side Programming Languages: Proficiency in at least one server-side programming language, such as Node.js (JavaScript), Python (Django/Flask), Ruby (Ruby on Rails), Java (Spring), or PHP. 
- Database Management: Experience with database systems like MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, or NoSQL databases, including designing, querying, and optimizing databases. 
- API Development: Ability to create and work with RESTful or GraphQL APIs for communication between the front-end and back-end. 
- Server Management: Knowledge of server management and deployment, including setting up and configuring web servers (e.g., Apache, Nginx) and cloud platforms (e.g., AWS, Azure, Google Cloud). 
- Security: Understanding of web application security best practices to protect against common vulnerabilities, such as SQL injection and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS). 
- DevOps: Familiarity with DevOps practices and tools for continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD), such as Jenkins, Docker, and Kubernetes. 
- Testing/Debugging: Proficiency in testing and debugging techniques to ensure the reliability and stability of web applications. 
- Command Line/Shell: Comfortable working in a command-line environment for tasks like scripting, automation, and server management. 
- Agile/Scrum: Knowledge of agile development methodologies like Scrum for effective project management and collaboration. 
- Soft Skills: Effective communication, problem-solving, and teamwork skills are essential for collaborating with designers, other developers, and stakeholders. 
- Learning and Adaptability: The technology landscape is continuously evolving, so full-stack developers need to be adaptable and willing to learn new languages, frameworks, and tools.